Constantinople
The Fourth Crusade saw the sack of Constantinople in July of 1203. Constantinople had withstood Moslem armies for 5 centuries. The Crusaders took Constantinople by storm and it now fell with most of the crusaders never reaching the Holy Land at all. This was one of the most significant examples of crusading insanity which had plundered, looted and murdered fellow Christians because they were not Roman Catholic.
Constantinople was the Eastern Capital of the Roman Empire. The founding of Constantinople profoundly affected both the western and the eastern branches of the Catholic Church. To the west it brought ecclesiastical liberty, making the papacy possible. Rome was left alone, and left the pope as first citizen.
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